The largest test to help you conducting empirical knowledge on dowry ‘s the run out of or inadequacy of data
dos.2 Issues with present studies
Once the dowry is legally banned for the India and Bangladesh, some one always think twice to inform you real dowry numbers. The product quality concern to your dowry regarding the Indian dataset requires regarding community-built dowry. For example, this new Asia Person Advancement Survey requires “Generally in the region getting children including a, exactly what are mГ¦nd kvinder Cambodjansk the form of items that are given given that presents at the time of the fresh daughter’s relationships?” A community-depending dowry is not the same as an individual dowry, that is paid by the bride’s parents at the time of relationships. As an alternative, practical question from dowry lets simply a digital answer, i.e., regardless if a positive number of dowry is paid off (elizabeth.grams., Questionnaire toward Standing of women and you may Fertility in both India and you can Pakistan). A binary respond to, definitely, doesn’t render far facts. Typical of if or not an optimistic dowry amount is offered matches so you can, which can be mostly explained from the, ethnic, spiritual, and caste backgrounds when you look at the Southern China.
Since the dowry is not legally prohibited within the Pakistan, extent myself paid back by the female respondent’s parents is questioned as opposed to scheduling in a good Pakistani dataset such as the Pakistan Outlying Domestic Survey. Regardless if Pakistani interviewees will most likely not purposefully keep hidden correct details about dowry strategies, the fresh questionnaire could possibly get however include recall mistakes just like the respondents need to remember the newest dowry amount paid by the its moms and dads in the past. Shape 1a plots new forecast quantity of real dowry thinking measured for the Pakistani Rupees from inside the 2004 to matrimony season playing with investigation regarding brand new Pakistan Outlying House Survey. As the consensus is that real dowry numbers was broadening, or at least showcase a non-decreasing development, the fresh new profile suggests the general desire out of keep in mind mistakes. In other words, the brand new prolonged the gap within interviewees’ relationship together with recall date, the much more likely he’s to overestimate brand new dowry number.
Relationships anywhere between ladies ounts. New line suggests the new predict real level of dowry regressed to the ladies’ marriage season. The latest shaded urban area shows 95% believe period of forecast quantity of dowry. The data sourced elements of (a) and you can (b) was Pakistan Rural Household Survey 2004, as well as the outlying home survey held from the writer inside the 2013, respectively
step 3 Data
Into best of all of our studies, research obtained within this investigation may be the earliest to take on clearly an over-all habit of overestimate an expense repaid lengthy ago. Much like the services off before obtained research, ours are also retrospective; although not, according to so it inclination, i particularly adopted specific efforts to minimize questionnaire keep in mind errors. Particularly, we required the level of each other community-established dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry count paid back during the newest respondent’s relationship (retrospective). Because the Pakistani dowry includes silver/jewellery, clothes, seats, kitchenware, and so on, we queried dowry quantity of the item. When we felt good respondent’s overestimation of your own dowry matter, especially in the truth out-of a marriage one occurred an effective number of years ago, since dowry are showed, we can and performed check these numbers having individuals who attended brand new service. For that reason, our data towards predicted genuine levels of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not reveal people coming down trend, alternatively which have those individuals stated from inside the Fig. 1a.
step 3.1 Questionnaire
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).